faiss

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• SKILL.md
• index_types.md · references/

SKILL.md (first lines)

# FAISS - Efficient Similarity Search

Facebook AI's library for billion-scale vector similarity search.

## When to use FAISS

**Use FAISS when:**
- Need fast similarity search on large vector datasets (millions/billions)
- GPU acceleration required
- Pure vector similarity (no metadata filtering needed)
- High throughput, low latency critical
- Offline/batch processing of embeddings

**Metrics**:
- **31,700+ GitHub stars**
- Meta/Facebook AI Research
- **Handles billions of vectors**
- **C++** with Python bindings

**Use alternatives instead**:
- **Chroma/Pinecone**: Need metadata filtering
- **Weaviate**: Need full database features
- **Annoy**: Simpler, fewer features

## Quick start

### Installation

```bash
# CPU only
pip install faiss-cpu

# GPU support
pip install faiss-gpu
```

### Basic usage

```python
import faiss
import numpy as np

# Create sample data (1000 vectors, 128 dimensions)
d = 128
nb = 1000
vectors = np.random.random((nb, d)).astype('float32')

# Create index
index = faiss.IndexFlatL2(d)  # L2 distance
index.add(vectors)             # Add vectors

# Search
k = 5  # Find 5 nearest neighbors
query = np.random.random((1, d)).astype('float32')
distances, indices = index.search(query, k)

print(f"Nearest neighbors: {indices}")
print(f"Distances: {distances}")
```

## Index types

### 1. Flat (exact search)

```python
# L2 (Euclidean) distance
index = faiss.IndexFlatL2(d)

# Inner product (cosine similarity if normalized)
index = faiss.IndexFlatIP(d)

# Slowest, most accurate
```

### 2. IVF (inverted file) - Fast approximate

```python
# Create quantizer
quantizer = faiss.IndexFlatL2(d)

# IVF index with 100 clusters
nlist = 100
index = faiss.IndexIVFFlat(quantizer, d, nlist)

# Train on data
index.train(vectors)

# Add vectors
index.add(vectors)

# Search (nprobe = clusters to search)
index.nprobe = 10
distances, indices = index.search(query, k)
```

### 3. HNSW (Hierarchical NSW) - Best quality/speed

```python
# HNSW index
M = 32  # Number of connections per layer
index = faiss.IndexHNSWFlat(d, M)

# No training needed
index.add(vectors)

# Search
distances, indices = index.search(query, k)
```

### 4. Product Quantization - Memory efficient

```python
# PQ reduces memory by 16-32×
m = 8   # Number of subquantizers
nbits = 8
index = faiss.IndexPQ(d, m, nbits)

# Train and add
index.train(vectors)

From Colin4k1024/hermesx, MIT.

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